福尔马林(formain)致痛模型是一种常用的疼痛模型,仅需将适量福尔马林注射至小鼠后足背部皮下，通过观察小鼠舔爪的时间判断小鼠疼痛情况。福尔马林所致的痛行为学分为两个时相(第一期为注射后10min左右,第二期则从注射后约15-20min开始,持续60min以上)，非类固醇抗炎药对第一期疼痛无效但可减弱第二期的疼痛，这种疼痛一般认为与中枢敏化作用有关，研究这类疼痛对于临床上组织损伤造成的痛觉过敏机制探讨极为重要。

Fig1. Formain induced pain models. Pain-like behaviors were observed in mice within minutes of injection, manifested by licking the soles of the feet. The formalin pain model is acute and the pain goes away within hours.

卡拉胶(又名角叉菜胶，Carrageenan,CG)是一种强化学物质，用于刺激释放炎症和促炎介质(包括前列腺素、白三烯、组胺、血清素、缓激肽和TNF-a等)。在实验动物的足爪、肌肉、关节等部位注射角叉菜胶,最初引起急性炎症，2周后可转化成慢性炎症,该模型主要用于了解急性炎性痛以及模拟组织损伤的条件，如关节扭伤、拉伤、肌炎。

Fig1. Carrageenan-induced pain models. Mice exhibit mechanical algesia and thermal algesia after injection. The chronic inflammatory pain model induced by carrageenan can last for days. 

半保留神经损伤(SNI)模型通过结扎部分坐骨神经分支造模，这种模型可以稳健和持久地模拟机械和热敏感性变化，SN模型能真实再现许多神经肽的临床特征。

Fig1. SNI surgery induced neuropathic pain model. The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact . The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. Painful symptoms can last for months.

骨痛是癌症患者最常见的疼痛类型之一。患者因骨转移而经历的疼痛机制很复杂，它涉及肿瘤细胞、骨细胞、活化的炎症细胞和骨神经支配神经元之间的各种相互作用。小鼠胫骨骨癌痛模型由于表型与患者临床症状相似,疼痛检测方法简单等原因是目前十分理想的研究骨癌痛动物模型，南模生物可提供多种肿瘤细胞(骨肉瘤细胞、乳腺癌细胞等)诱导的骨癌痛模型。

Fig1. Idiopathic pain model induced by bone metastatic cancer. 231 cells were injected into the bone marrow cavity of the femur, and spontaneous pain and algesia could be observed in some of the mice 14 days after injection, and in almost all of the mice 21 days after injection. After treated some of the mice exhibiting pain with gabapentin for one week, there was a significant relief of spontaneous pain behaviour and algesia/hypersensitivity in the administered group of mice.